Priority Degrees and Distance Measures of Complex Hesitant Fuzzy Sets With Application to Multi-Criteria Decision Making

The notion of a complex hesitant fuzzy set (CHFS) is one of the better tools in order to deal with complex information. Since distance plays a crucial role in order to differentiate between two things or sets, in this paper, we first develop a priority degree for the comparison between complex hesitant fuzzy elements (HFEs). Then a variety of distance measures are developed, namely, Complex hesitant normalized Hamming-Hausdorff distance (CHNHHD), Complex hesitant normalized Euclidean-Hausdorff distance (CHNEHD), Generalized complex hesitant normalized Hausdorff distance (GCHNHD), Complex hesitant hybrid normalized Hamming distance (CHHNHD), Complex hesitant hybrid normalized Euclidean distance (CHHNED), Generalized complex hesitant hybrid normalized distance (GCHHND) and their weighted forms. Moreover, the continuous form of the proposed distances is also developed. Further, the proposed distances are applied to medical diagnosis problems for their effectiveness and application. Furthermore, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach is developed based on the TOPSIS method and proposed distances. Finally, a practical example related to the effectiveness of COVID-19 tests is presented for the application and validity of the proposed method. A comparison study was also done with the method that was already in place to see how well the new method worked.

The state of health in Pakistan and its provinces and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding health trends and estimating the burden of disease at the national and subnational levels helps policy makers track progress and identify disparities in overall health performance. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides comprehensive estimates for Pakistan. Comparison of health indicators since 1990 provides valuable insights about Pakistan's ability to strengthen its health-care system, reduce inequalities, improve female and child health outcomes, achieve universal health coverage, and meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals. We present estimates of the burden of disease, injuries, and risk factors for Pakistan provinces and territories from 1990 to 2019 based on GBD 2019 to improve health and health outcomes in the country. Methods We used methods and data inputs from GBD 2019 to estimate socio-demographic index, total fertility rate, cause-specific deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years, healthy life expectancy, and risk factors for 286 causes of death and 369 causes of non-fatal health loss in Pakistan and its four provinces and three territories from 1990 to 2019. To generate estimates for Pakistan at the national and subnational levels, we used 68 location-years of data to estimate Pakistan-specific demographic indicators, 316 location-years of data for Pakistan-specific causes of death, 579 location-years of data for Pakistan-specific non-fatal outcomes, 296 location-years of data for Pakistan-specific risk factors, and 3089 location-years of data for Pakistan-specific covariates. Findings Life expectancy for both sexes in Pakistan increased nationally from 61 center dot 1 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 60 center dot 0-62 center dot 1) years in 1990 to 65 center dot 9 (63 center dot 8-67 center dot 8) years in 2019;however, these gains were not uniform across the provinces and federal territories. Pakistan saw a narrowing of the difference in healthy life expectancy between the sexes from 1990 to 2019, as health gains for women occurred at faster rates than for men. For women, life expectancy increased by 8 center dot 2% (95% UI 6middot3-13middot8) between 1990 and 2019, whereas the male life expectancy increased by 7 center dot 6% (3 center dot 5-11 center dot 8). Neonatal disorders, followed by ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections were the leading causes of all-age premature mortality in 2019. Child and maternal malnutrition, air pollution, high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, and tobacco consumption were the leading all-age risk factors for death and disability-adjusted life-years at the national level in 2019. Five non-communicable diseases-ischaemic heart disease, stroke, congenital defects, cirrhosis, and chronic kidney disease-were among the ten leading causes of years of life lost in Pakistan. Burden varied by socio-demographic index. Notably, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had the lowest observed gains in life expectancy. Dietary iron deficiency was the leading cause of years lived with disability for both men and women in 1990 and 2019. Low birthweight and short gestation and particulate matter pollution were the leading contributors to overall disease burden in both 1990 and 2019 despite moderate improvements, with a 23 center dot 5% (95% UI 3 center dot 8-39 center dot 2) and 27 center dot 6% (14 center dot 3-38 center dot 6) reduction in age-standardised attributable DALY rates during the study period. Interpretation Our study shows that progress has been made on reducing Pakistan's disease burden since 1990, but geographical, age, and sex disparities persist. Equitable investment in the health system, as well as the prioritisation of high-impact policy interventions and programmes, are needed to save lives and improve health outcomes. Pakistan is facing several domestic and foreign challenges-the Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan, political turmoil, catastrophic flooding, the COVID-19 pandemic-that will shape the trajectory of the country's health and development. Pakistan must address the burden of infectious disease and curb rising rates of non-communicable diseases. Prioritising these three areas will enhance Pakistan's ability to achieve universal health coverage, meet its Sustainable Development Goals, and improve the overall health outcomes.

A comparative analysis of cryptocurrency returns and economic policy uncertainty pre- and post-Covid-19

This study analyzes the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on cryptocurrency returns for a sample of 100 highly capitalized cryptocurrencies from January 2016 to May 2021. The results of the panel data analysis and quantile regression show that increases in global EPU have a positive impact on cryptocurrency returns for lower cryptocurrency returns quantiles and an adverse impact for upper quantiles. In line with the existing literature, the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in higher returns for cryptocurrencies. Inclusion of a Covid-19 dummy in the models strengthened the impact of EPU on cryptocurrency returns. Furthermore, the relationship between the change in EPU and cryptocurrency returns was direct in the pre-Covid-19 period but inverse in the post-Covid-19 period. These results imply that cryptocurrencies act more like traditional financial assets in the post-Covid-19 era. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

Priority Degrees and Distance Measures of Complex Hesitant Fuzzy Sets with Application to Multi-Criteria Decision Making

The notion of a complex hesitant fuzzy set (CHFS) is one of the better tools in order to deal with complex information. Since distance plays a crucial role in order to differentiate between two things or sets, in this paper, we first develop a priority degree for the comparison between complex hesitant fuzzy elements (HFEs). Then a variety of distance measures are developed, namely, Complex hesitant normalized Hamming-Hausdorff distance (CHNHHD), Complex hesitant normalized Euclidean-Hausdorff distance (CHNEHD), Generalized complex hesitant normalized Hausdorff distance (GCHNHD), Complex hesitant hybrid normalized Hamming distance (CHHNHD), Complex hesitant hybrid normalized Euclidean distance (CHHNED), Generalized complex hesitant hybrid normalized distance (GCHHND) and their weighted forms. Moreover, the continuous form of the proposed distances is also developed. Further, the proposed distances are applied to medical diagnosis problems for their effectiveness and application. Furthermore, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach has been developed based on the TOPSIS method. Finally, a practical example related to the effectiveness of COVID-19 tests is presented for the application and validity of the proposed method. A comparison study was also done with the method that was already in place to see how well the new method worked. Author

Psychotic-like Experiences during COVID-19 Outbreak: A survey from Pakistan

Introduction: Despite the fact that adolescents have been at higher risk of distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, the effect of pandemic on psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) is not well described. Objective(s): The study's objective is to evaluate if PLEs are induced in young individuals aged 18-24 during the pandemic. Method(s):A total of 201 college students from Pakistan (ages 18-24) were recruited for a cross-sectional research. We investigated the incidence of PLEs in Pakistan during the pandemic, their links to socio-demographic factors, COVID-19-related characteristics, depression, anxiety, and sleep difficulties. Community Assessment of Psychic Experience's positive symptom component (CAPE), Patient Health Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, and IBM SPSS 25 were used. Result(s): CAPE-Frequency and CAPE-stress were positively associated with PHQ total (p<0.0010);GAD total (p<0.001);time spent indoors due to COVID-19 (p<0.001). Psychiatric disorder other than bipolar disorder or psychosis (p<0.001 for CAPE-frequency and stress), family history of psychiatric disorders (p<0.001 for CAPE-frequency and stress), chronic medical disease (p=0.021 CAPE-frequency and p=0.026 CAPE-stress), illegal drug usage (p<0.001 for CAPE-frequency and stress) were associated with CAPE-Frequency and CAPE-stress. In linear stepwise regression analysis, the best model predicted CAPE-Frequency explained 77.4% of variance with the following variables: PHQ total (B=0.552, SE= 0.08, t=6.909, p<0.001), GAD total (p<0.001), duration at home (p<0.001), and psychiatric disorder in family (p<0.001). Conclusion(s): PLEs have been linked with anxiety and depression during the pandemic. Individuals with a mental condition, family history of psychiatric disorder, chronic medical illness, illicit drug use, and increased time spent at home experienced more PLEs and stress.

Covid-19 Association with Mucormycosis (CAM): An Experience from Single Hospital Based Study

Objective: This study aimed to assess the outcomes experienced by patients diagnosed with mucormycosis linked with COVID-19 while they were hospitalized. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration: This study was carried out at Sardar Begum Dental College from January, 2022 to June 2022. Method(s): There were 215 patients of both genders had age 18-80 years were presented in this study. Included patients had confirmed coronavirus disease with symptoms of mucormycosis. Patients were provided informed written consent for detailed demographics. Clinical and laboratory outcomes among all cases were assessed. We used SPSS 22.0 to analyze all data. Result(s): There were majority males 165 (76.7%) and 50 (23.3%) females in this study. Mean age of the patients was 45.6+/-17.53 years and had mean BMI 26.13+/-8.17 kg/m2. We found that diabetes mellitus was the most common co morbidity in 140 (65.1%) cases, followed by hypertension in 85 (39.5%) cases. Frequency of rhino orbital mucormycosis was found in 110 (51.2%) cases, sinuses in 70 (32.6%) cases and cerebral in 35 (16.3%) cases. Majority of the cases were treated by steroid. Mean hospitalization was 16.8+/-7.67 days. Frequency of died patients was 28 (13.02%) because of CKD, renal dysfunction and orbital involvement. Conclusion(s): We concluded in this study that rhino-orbital involvement, CKD and renal dysfunction were a significantly risk factors for mortality among patients of COVID-19 with mucormycosis. Copyright © 2022 Lahore Medical And Dental College. All rights reserved.

Prediction of Complications and Death in Covid-19 Patients with Deranged Liver Function Tests at Time of Admission and Hospitalization

COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of individuals globally over the last three years and is spreading continuously. In view of different studies and clinical findings, patients suffering with COVID-19 frequently have deranged liver function tests (LFTs), but the clinical significance of this finding is debatable. Objective(s): The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence, features, and clinical significance of deranged LFTs in COVID-19 infected individuals, who were hospitalized but were not critically ill. Method(s): We conducted a cross sectional from May 2021 to December 2021 at The Akbar Niazi Teaching Hospital Islamabd. A total of 250 COVID-19 patients were included in the current study. The patient's blood samples were collected to get laboratory results, which included LFTs. LFTs were performed at the time of admission and every 5 +/- 2 day throughout the stay. The outcome measure was either death or transfer of the patients to an intensive care unit. Result(s): At the time of admission, 160 patients (64%) showed deranged LFTs. Individuals with deranged LFTs experienced more severe inflammation, swelling, and organ damage than those who didn't. Patients with deranged LFTs had a greater proportion of transfer to the ICU (81 vs 17), hospital stay (17 vs 7 days), and death (17 vs 5) than those with normal LFTs. Conclusion(s): The results of the current investigation demonstrated that LFTs data might forecast the degree of illness in patients with COVID-19 infections at the time of admission and during their hospital stay. Copyright © 2022 Lahore Medical And Dental College. All rights reserved.

COVID-19 Mortality and Morbidity Rate in a Tertiary Care Hospital Swat, Pakistan

Background: Because of the recent outbreak of Covid-19, the globe is now facing a number of difficult challenges. The morbidity and mortality rate varies depending upon numerous factors. Objective: The objective of the study was to find out the mortality and morbidity rate of Covid-19 in a tertiary care hospital of Swat Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the Department of Pathology, Swat Teaching Hospital, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkha Pakistan for duration of one year from April 2020 to March 2021. Nasopharyngeal or Oropharyngeal swabs were taken from all the enrolled patients and sent to the national institute of health Islamabad or swat public health laboratory for the diagnosis of Covid-19. The rate of morbidity and mortality for all the enrolled patients was recorded. All the data analysis was done by using IBM SPSS version 23. Results: In the current study, totally 11609 patients were enrolled. There were 7329 (63.13%) males and 4280 (36.87%) females. The overall morbidity rate of covid-19 was 18.25% (n= 2089) whereas the overall mortality rate was13.16% (n=275) patients. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the rate of morbidity and mortality of covid-19 is high in district Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The burden of covid-19 was high in males as compared to females and the mortality rate increases with the increase in age. All the people residing in the district Swat should be vaccinated to decrease both the morbidity and mortality rate of covid-19.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Medical Students Regarding Covid- 19, Pakistan

Background: As a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, many people's lives and livelihoods are at risk. All aspects of everyday life, including education, have been affected by the epidemic. Objective: As a result, we performed this cross-sectional study to learn more about how students from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa feel about COVID-19. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which respondents completed an online, self-administered form to get the information. Six questions deal with socio-demographics, fourteen ask about knowledge, seven ask about attitude, and eight ask about practice. Raosoft's sample size calculator was used to calculate the final sample size. Results: Five thousand participants, comprising 2250 (45%) men and 2,750 (55%) women from all across the nation, completed this poll. Analysis of the data was done using a chi-square test. Almost all of the students 4750 (95 percent) were aware that COVID-19 is caused by a virus and that it is a respiratory illness 4600 (92 percent). During the lockout, many students continued to see their family members 2,750 (55 percent), and their family members continued to visit them at home 2950 (59 percent). The students' answers to particular questions concerning the spread of the virus differed greatly. Although (p 0.01), women had more awareness about how to avoid illness transmission from patients who had been infected with the virus. Conclusion: In the wake of the COVID-19 epidemic, the vast majorities of college students were well-prepared, had a positive outlook, and were actively practicing their knowledge and skills. Aside from demographics and gender, the KAP scores also vary by family size. During times of crisis, it's critical to keep the public informed about the need to practice preventive practices.

IN VIVO EFFICACY of ENGINEERED ACE2-Fc in PREVENTING LETHAL SARS-CoV-2 INFECTION

Background: Soluble Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) constitutes an attractive therapeutic candidate with natural resistance to viral escape. To date, ACE2-Fcs, dimeric forms of soluble ACE2, were mostly tested as robust SARS-CoV-2 neutralizers but their potential as antiviral agents capable of Fc-effector functions is largely unknown and has not been tested for effectiveness in vivo, in any model of SARS-CoV2 infection. Methods: We used structure-guided design to select ACE2 mutations that improve SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) affinity and remove angiotensin enzymatic activity. ACE2-Fc variants were engineered into a human IgG1 or IgG3 backbone and produced in mammalian HEK293 cells. S binding was tested by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Mutational effects were validated by X-Ray crystallography. Neutralization activities were measured against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) using an in vitro pseudovirus (PsV) assay and dynamic bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) were also quantified using established methods (1, 2). A K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model challenged by lethal SARS-CoV-2 nLuc infection (3) was used for in vivo evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic administration of engineered ACE2-Fcs, as monitored by dynamic BLI. Results: Our lead variant, ACE2740 LFMYQY2HA-Fc GASDALIE, increased RBD binding by ∼7-13 fold as compared to wild type, cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 VOCs with an IC50 range of 0.23-2.06 nM and mediated robust ADCC and ADCP in vitro. When tested in humanized K18-hACE2 mice, in either a prophylatic or a multi-dosage therapeutic setting, our lead ACE2-Fc variant provided protection from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our studies in K18-hACE2 mouse model revealed that efficient in vivo efficacy of ACE2-Fcs under prophylaxis or therapeutic settings required Fc-effector functions in addition to neutralization. Conclusion: Our data confirm the utility of engineered ACE2-Fcs as valuable SARS-CoV-2 antivirals and demonstrate that the efficient ACE2-Fc therapeutic activity required both neutralization and Fc-effector functions.

A FC-ENHANCED NON-NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY DELAYS SARS-CoV-2-INDUCED DEATH in MICE

Background: Both neutralizing activity and Fc-mediated effector functions of antibodies are believed to contribute to protection against SARS-CoV-2. However, it is unclear if antibody effector functions alone could protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We isolated CV3-13 from a convalescent individual with potent Fc-mediated effector functions. Neutralization capacity of this antibody was measured by both a pseudovirus neutralization assay and an authentic virus microneutralization assay. We mutated the Fc-portion of CV3-13 to enhance (GASDALIE) or reduce (LALA) its capacity to mediate antibody dependant cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Structural analysis of CV3-13 was done by cryo-EM to characterize its epitope and its angle of approach. Finally, CV3-13 and CV3-13 GASDALIE were used in vivo in a K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model challenged with SARS-CoV-2-nLuc to see if they altered viral replication and/or contributed to protection against SARS-CoV-2. Results: While CV3-13 did not neutralize SARS-CoV-2, it demonstrated nanomolar affinity towards the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and mediated strong ADCC. The cryo-EM structure of CV3-13 in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike revealed that the antibody bound to a novel NTD epitope that partially overlapped with a frequently mutated NTD supersite in SARS-CoV-2 variants. Interestingly, this angle of approach was not observed for previously described NTD-directed antibodies. While CV3-13 did not alter the replication dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in a K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model, a Fc-enhanced CV3-13 significantly delayed neuroinvasion and death in prophylactic settings. Conclusion: CV3-13 represents a new class of non-neutralizing NTD-directed mAbs that can mediate Fc-effector functions both in vitro and in vivo. While effector functions alone did not protect K18-hACE2 mice from SARS-CoV-2-nLuc challenge, our data indicate that along with neutralization, additional antibody properties including Fc-mediated effector functions contribute to limiting viral spread and aid in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Public Preferences Towards Car Sharing Service: The Case of Djibouti

Transportation demand management is a successful complement to urban infrastructure. The emergence of shared mobility strategies such as car sharing offers sustainable mobility in urban areas. Car sharing has launched in different cities worldwide to mitigate severe transportation problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and traffic safety. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the intentions and preferences of travelers toward car sharing services in Djibouti, Africa. The data was collected through an online stated preference (SP) survey. The SP survey included the awareness of car sharing services, attributes related to transport modes, and demographic characteristics. A total of 600 respondents were received. In this study, we employed the multinomial logit (MNL) model to travel mode choice modeling and compared the results with the AdaBoost algorithm. The MNL model results showed that generic attributes such as travel time, travel cost, maintenance charges, and membership fees were found significant. In addition, several demographic characteristics like gender, education, and income were also found significant. The modeling and prediction performances of the MNL model and AdaBoost algorithm were compared using multi-class predictive errors. According to the goodness-of-fit results, the AdaBoost algorithm achieved overall higher prediction accuracy than the MNL model. This study could be helpful to transport planners and policymakers for the implementation of car-sharing services in urban areas.

Support the frontliners - Good initiatives during the COVID-19 pandemic for healthcare workers across the world: Is this what we really need?

Healthcare workers have faced an unprecedented workload in overstretched health facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, and we describe various initiatives to support them. Psychological, financial and peer support, accommodation and meal services, proper personal protective equipment, applause and gratitude in the community, spiritual and religious life, child care and volunteering were identified. The potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic - permanent stress, burnout and other mental health problems among healthcare professionals - can be expected to grow. Continued monitoring is essential to bolster resilience among healthcare workers and prevent the possible consequences for their mental health. Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Socio-economic effects of COVID-19 - a study of the University students and teachers in Pakistan

Background: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has appeared as a deadly pandemic affecting most of the countries across the world. The disease has caught humanity unprepared;therefore, there has been a lack of awareness about the causes, and transmission and mortality rates. It has also affected the overall socioeconomics from individual to worldwide levels. COVID-19 is an unprecedented and first-time challenge for Pakistan and a lockdown imposed by the Government of Pakistan has further devastated the economy of the country. This online survey was conducted to know the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the social life and economic status of the people of Pakistan. In this article, we mainly focused on teachers and students from different Universities of Pakistan for data generation because they can provide better information due to the use of modern technologies as a source of information. Methods: An online questionnaire survey covering 11 parameters including age, gender, employment status, mortality rate, education, marital status and, information about the pathogen responsible for the disease was filled by 1260 individuals from Pakistan. Results: The results obtained show that 56.6% of the responders were males,43.4% were females, 59.9% were unmarried, 37.7% were graduate students and, 48.7% unemployed. Most of the responders (55.6%) said that COVID-19 negatively affected the jobs of the people. We found (93%) of the responders with good knowledge about COVID-19. Conclusion: We conclude from the results that most of the responders were males, educated and they knew the pathogenic effect of the COVID-19 virus on humans. These results also show that the disease has drastically affected the economy and social life of the people of Pakistan.

Gender based difference in outcomes of myocardial injury in covid-19 positive patients in low to middle income country

Introduction: Myocardial injury is associated with poor outcomes in COVID-19 positive patients. We have limited data about gender-based differences, in terms of outcomes in COVID-19 associated myocardial injury, especially from low to middle income country. Hypothesis: Myocardial injury in COVID-19 positive patients has the same impact on outcomes in either gender. Methods: We prospectively collected data of patients admitted with COVID 19 (nasopharyngeal PCR positive) and myocardial injury (hsTrop I>99th percentile) at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi, Pakistan from 26 Feburary'2020 to 26 November'2020. Both genders were compared in terms of presentation, complications, and mortality. Calculations were done separately for each variable between two groups keeping the significant criteria of p-value less than or equal to 0.05. Result: Among 171 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria, 28.07% (n=48) were female and 72% (n=123) were male. Baseline demographics demonstrated that hypertension was significantly high among females as compared to male patients (87.5% Female vs 65% Male, p=0.004). During the hospital stay, the need for supplemental oxygen, Noninvasive ventilation, and mechanical ventilation was significantly higher in males compared to females. A statistically non-significant trend towards increased mortality was noted in males. Conclusion: Our study signifies that COVID-19 associated myocardial injury in males is associated with worse hospital course as compare to females. The length of hospital stay, complications such as ARDS, and requirement of invasive and non-invasive ventilatory support were higher in males as compared to females. Further studies evaluating the cause of disparate hospital course based on gender are warranted.

Identification of Novel Protein Sequencing SARS CoV-2 Coronavirus Using Machine Learning

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection as a global pandemic in March 2020 causing COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19). Till date, more than 173 million people have been infected worldwide, whereas more than 3.7 million deaths have already been reported caused by COVID-19. Protein-to-protein (PPI) interaction plays an important role in the cellular process of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in the human body. Although the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has prompted a push for deeper understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and development of effective treatment. However, understanding SARS-CoV-2 is even more critical. It was previously discovered that the proteome of the virus was known, and thus it was possible to derive some of the protein structures by experimentation and others by model-based prediction approaches. The results are later verified by experiments. Considerable research attention has been directed toward DEE deploy features extraction algorithm, amino acid composition AAC and pseudo amino acid composition PseAAC algorithms. We have proposed AdaBoost classification models and compared them with other two machine learning classifiers, such as K-Nearest Neighbor and Random Forest. This paper is not intended to be a comprehensive evaluation of AdaBoost, K-Nearest Neighbor, and Random Forest, rather we have used these models to create an ensemble classifier with excellent performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, specificity, recall, and F1 score. Based on the ensemble model, 1326 total human target proteins are predicted to be potential SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins.

How is the COVID-19 pandemic affecting women's menstrual cycles and quality of life? A view from South Asia

The substantial strain that women are facing during the COVID-19 pandemic can affect their menstrual cycle and further impair their quality of life. In low- and middle-income countries, this strain is exacerbated by: cultural taboos and poor education related to menstruation;'period poverty';unavailability of menstrual hygiene products;and poor hygiene facilities. We suggest actions that governments, healthcare professionals and individuals can take to address these factors and minimise the psychological impact of COVID-19 on women's physical and mental health. © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

The role of world the fight against covid-19

In under two decades, the world has encountered three flare-ups of fatal Coronaviruses, including the ongoing pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. COVID-19 represented a crisis of worldwide concerns, and cases have been accounted for more than 200 nations/districts that came about in wellbeing, lives, and monetary misfortunes. China's financial development is anticipated to tumble to 5.6% this year, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) anticipated that arrangement venture and expense strategies to execute $3.3 trillion and contributes further $4.5 trillion. IMF conjectures develop from 3.7% of worldwide total national output (GDP) in 2019 to 9.9% in 2020. Gross domestic product proportion anticipated from 3.0% in 2019 to become 10.7% in 2020, the US proportion expected to increment from 5.8-15.7%. There is a desperate requirement for local and universal co-activity to stretch out hands to forestall further spreading of COVID-19. The IMF has reacted to the COVID emergency with exceptional speed and greatness of financial aid. This paper shows the response of the world against COVID-19. How the countries are helping each other to control the spread and discovering the cure of this virus. Asia has survived usefully and also defending the second wave of virus, but on the other hand, the Europe is the most infected region with the highest rate of death. Why Asia is near to win this fight with a stable economy, but the Europe is not, instead of this the economy is going to be crashed. These questions raises to the Economy, Behavior and Policies, of respective Countries. © 2021, Army Medical College. All rights reserved.

Is it worth it? The impact of an additional inpatient-dedicated acute cath lab on inpatient time and cost of hospitalization at a national PPCI centre

60 Figure 1Referring diagnosis[Figure omitted. See PDF]Abstract 60 Figure 2Procedures[Figure omitted. See PDF]Abstract 60 Figure 3Discharges[Figure omitted. See PDF]ConclusionsThe opening of a second cath lab in our tertiary centre helped to improve patient flow, reduce waiting times for procedures, reduce admission lengths and reduce cost to the hospital. These are all important factors as our health service struggles to come to terms with the economic and organisational impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.